Mugihe imiraba yinganda 4.0 hamwe nubukorikori bwubwenge bikwira isi yose, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibyerekezo, nkibigo bikomeye bihuza ubukanishi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryamakuru, bigenda bihindura isura yinganda zigezweho hamwe nubujyakuzimu butigeze bubaho. Kuva imitwe ya chip yashyizwe hamwe na micron - urwego rushyizwe mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki bipfunyika neza kugeza kuri robot yo gusudira byoroshye ishobora guhindura ibinyabiziga bitandatu byuzuye kumunota kumurongo mushya w’ibinyabiziga bitanga ingufu; kuva kuri bitanu - axis ibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC ifite uburebure buri munsi ya 0,01 mm murwego rwo hejuru - gari ya moshi yihuta ya bogie ikora ibinyabiziga byayobowe na moteri (AGVs) ikora 24/7 muri logistique no mububiko - ibi bintu bisa nkaho bitandukaniye byose bishingiye kumikorere rusange yikoranabuhanga: sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikorwa. Sisitemu yo kugenzura ibyerekezo ntabwo ari "centre nervice" gusa y'ibikoresho byo hejuru - ahubwo ni igipimo gikomeye cyerekana ubushobozi bwigihugu mu guhangana n’inganda.
Inganda Amavu n'amavuko: Inzira y'ubwihindurize kuva ihererekanyabubasha mu buhanga bw'ubwenge
Intangiriro ya sisitemu yo kugenzura icyerekezo ni ukugenzura neza umuvuduko, umwanya, cyangwa urumuri rwimikorere (nka moteri na silindari ya hydraulic) kugirango hamenyekane urujya n'uruza rw'ibintu bigenzurwa mugihe cyateganijwe mbere. Amateka yiterambere ryayo ni amateka ahuriweho n’impinduramatwara y’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda: Mbere ya za 1950, imashini zikoresha imashini hamwe na hydraulic servo nuburyo bwari rusange. Ariko, kubera guhuza gukomeye no gukemura intoki, sisitemu yatinze gusubiza kandi ifite ibisobanuro bike, byujuje gusa ibyifuzo byoroheje nkimashini zidoda hamwe nicapiro. Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970, havutse moteri ya DC servo hamwe n’umugenzuzi w’umuzunguruko, igenzura ryatangiye guhinduka ryerekeza ku mashanyarazi, kandi haza ibikoresho by’imashini zigenzurwa n’umubare (CNC) byateje imbere kwinjira mu nganda zuzuye. Nyuma ya za 1980, intambwe imaze guterwa mu ikoranabuhanga rya AC servo no kumenyekanisha microprocessor (nka PLCs na DSPs) yahinduye igenzura ryimikorere kuva "ibikoresho byihariye" ihinduka "urubuga rusange -", kandi igabana ry'umurimo n'ubufatanye hagati y'abashinzwe kugenzura porogaramu (PLCs) n'abashinzwe kugenzura ibintu bigenda bikura buhoro buhoro. Mu kinyejana cya 21, guhuza byimazeyo itumanaho rya digitale (nka EtherCAT na PROFINET), sensor fusion (encoders + vision + imbaraga sensing), hamwe na algorithms yubwenge bwimbaraga byatumye habaho igisekuru gishya cya sisitemu yo kugenzura ubwenge. Ibi ntabwo bihindura ibipimo gusa mugihe nyacyo kugirango bihangane nakazi keza, ariko kandi bigera ku bufatanye - ibikoresho bifashishije binyuze kuri interineti yinganda, bihinduka tekinoroji ifasha ikoranabuhanga ryubwenge.
Isoko ryo kugenzura isi yose kuri ubu rifite imiterere itandukanye yo guhatana. Amasosiyete yo mu Burayi (nka Siemens na Bosch Rexroth), akoresha ubuhanga bwimbitse muri mechatronics, yiganje hejuru - iherezo rya CNC n'ibikoresho biremereye -. Inganda z’Abayapani (nka Yaskawa na Panasonic), zizwiho kwizerwa cyane na miniaturizasi, ziza cyane mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’abaguzi. Amasosiyete y'Abanyamerika (nka Rockwell na Kollmorgen) yibanda ku guca - zikoreshwa nka semiconductor hamwe n’ikirere, ashimangira ubushobozi bwa ultra - ubushobozi bwo kugenzura neza. Ubushinwa, isoko rinini ku isi rikora inganda, ryageze ku gusimburana mu gihugu muri serivisi rusange, hagati - no hasi - iherezo rya PLC, kandi ryateje imbere isi - ibisubizo byambere mu nganda zigenda zigaragara nka fotokolotike na batiri ya lithium binyuze mu buyobozi bwa politiki (nka "Made in China 2025") no guhanga udushya (kuzamuka kw'ibicuruzwa byaho nka Inovance Technology na Estun).
Inganda Inganda: Multi - Agaciro Agaciro Gashyigikira Hejuru {{1} Development Iterambere ryiza
Ubusobanuro bwibikorwa bya sisitemu yo kugenzura ibintu birenze kure iterambere ryikoranabuhanga. Rishingiye kandi ku bushobozi bwabo bwo kuzamura urwego rw’inganda, kuzamura umusaruro, no gushyiraho agaciro k’imibereho.
Ubwa mbere, byerekana intambwe igaragara mugukemura inzitizi mugutezimbere ibikoresho byanyuma -. Mu bikoresho byo gukora semiconductor, icyiciro cya wafer cyimashini ya lithographie igomba kwimura santimetero icumi kumasegonda hamwe na nanometero - urwego rusobanutse. Igikorwa cyacyo cyo kugenzura algorithms nibice byingenzi (nka moteri yumurongo hamwe na kodegisi yo hejuru -) igena imbibi ntarengwa yo gukora chip. Mugutunganya moteri yindege, ikosa ryo kugenzura inzira ya mashini eshanu - igikoresho cyimashini zigomba kuba munsi ya 0.005 mm, bitabaye ibyo imikorere yicyuma ikananirwa. Mu bihe byashize, ubu bwoko bwo hejuru - tekinoroji yo kugenzura ibyerekezo byakoreshwaga kuva kera kwiharira ibihugu by’amahanga, bikabangamira iterambere ry’inganda nkindege nini n’ibikoresho byo hejuru by’ubuvuzi - mu gihugu cyanjye. Mu myaka yashize, intambwe yakozwe n’abakora mu gihugu mu bice byingenzi nka drives ya servo na sisitemu yo gukoresha igihe - (RTOS) ntabwo yagabanije gusa ibikoresho by’ibikoresho (hamwe n’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa bimwe byagabanutseho hejuru ya 40%) ahubwo byanatanze umutekano w’urwego rw’inganda.
Icya kabiri, ikora nk "ikiraro cya neural" kugirango ihindurwe mubikorwa byubwenge. Muri enterineti yinganda yibintu (IIoT) yububiko, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibyerekezo igira uruhare runini muri "layer layer" - yakira amabwiriza yumusaruro uva muri MES (Manufacturing Execution System), ikabora imirimo mumodoka yihariye ikoresha algorithms nyayo - loop optimizasiyo ikoresheje ibitekerezo bya sensor. Kurugero, mumurongo wogukora ibinyabiziga byoroshye, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibyubwenge irashobora icyarimwe guhuza robot nyinshi kugirango irangize ibikorwa byo gusudira no gusiga amarangi kubintu bitandukanye byimodoka, bikagabanya igihe cyo guhinduka kuva mumasaha ane kugeza kuminota 10. Mu iteraniro rya 3C rya elegitoroniki, iyerekwa - iyobora igenzura ituma imashini zishyira chip zuzuza ibice byashyizwe hamwe no kubishyira mumasegonda 0.1, byongera umusaruro kugeza kuri 99,99%. Uku gukorana neza kw "imyumvire - icyemezo - gushyira mu bikorwa" nicyo kintu cyingenzi kiranga itandukanyirizo ryubwenge nubwikorezi gakondo.
Icya gatatu, ikora nka "moteri ikora" yicyatsi nicyatsi - iterambere rya karubone. Mugucunga neza moteri isohoka nimbaraga zigenda, sisitemu yimikorere irashobora kugabanya cyane imyanda yingufu. Kurugero, gusimbuza moteri gakondo idahwitse hamwe na servo drives mumashini yimyenda irashobora kugabanya gukoresha ingufu 30%. Muri sisitemu yo gutondekanya ibikoresho, AGV iteganya algorithms ishingiye ku gutezimbere inzira irashobora kugabanya gukoresha ingufu muri rusange hejuru ya 25%. Byongeye kandi, iterambere mu buhanga bwo kugenzura ibyerekezo ryateje imbere kandi igishushanyo mbonera - moteri ntoya kandi kwihuta no kwihuta byihuta bisobanura gukoresha ibikoresho bike hamwe nakazi k’umwanya, ibyo bikaba bihuza cyane n’ibisabwa mu iterambere rirambye ry’intego za "karuboni ebyiri".
Icya kane, ikora nk'ikibanza cyo kugerageza guhuza ikoranabuhanga no guhanga udushya. Ingorabahizi ya sisitemu yo kugenzura ibintu bituma bakora ibintu byiza byo gukata - tekinoroji yambere nkubwenge bwubuhanga, ibikoresho bishya, hamwe na kwant sensing. Kwiga byimbitse algorithms birashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwo guhanura, kwerekana ibyananiranye mbere yo gusesengura ibinyeganyega hamwe nubushyuhe. Ikoreshwa rya silicon carbide (SiC) ibikoresho byamashanyarazi byongereye umuvuduko wo gusubiza drives ya servo inshuro 10. Quantum gyroscopes iteganijwe gutanga urugero rwinshi - gupima neza imyifatire yo kugenzura icyogajuru. Ubu buryo butandukanye ntabwo bwagura gusa imipaka yikoranabuhanga yo kugenzura ibyerekezo gusa ahubwo binateza imbere inganda zigenda zigaragara nka robot ya serivisi na robot zo kubaga ubuvuzi.
Umwanzuro: Inzira z'ingenzi z'ejo hazaza
Kuva kwanduza imashini mugihe cyizuba kugeza mubufatanye bwubwenge mugihe cya digitale, ubwihindurize bwa sisitemu yo kugenzura ibikorwa byahoraga byumvikana nubumuntu ukurikirana "kugenzura neza." Mu rwego rwo gukaza umurego mu guhatanira inganda ku isi no gukenera byihutirwa kuzamura inganda z’imbere mu gihugu, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibintu ntabwo ari urufunguzo rwo gukemura ikibazo cyo "kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga - ibikoresho byanyuma," ahubwo ni na moteri ikomeye yo guhinga umusaruro mushya - no kuzamura iterambere ry’ubukungu nyabwo -. Ku bakora imyitozo, ibi birerekana ibibazo byombi bya tekiniki (nko guhuza byinshi - axis ihuza guhuza algorithms no gushyira mu bikorwa ubwenge bwimbitse) hamwe n amahirwe menshi yo guhanga udushya (nka robot ya humanoid igenzura hamwe na microgravitike yo gutegura ibikoresho byo mu kirere). Ku gihugu, ishoramari rirambye mu bushakashatsi bw’ibanze (nk'igitekerezo cyo kugenzura kitari umurongo), ibice by'ibanze (nka kodegisi yo hejuru - na kodegisi isobanutse neza), hamwe na urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima mu nganda (nko gushyiraho uburyo bwo guteza imbere impano) ni ngombwa kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba muri iri siganwa rishingiye ku guhatanira ejo hazaza.
Hamwe niterambere rikomeye ryinganda zigenda ziyongera nkinganda zubwenge, ingufu nshya, na biomedicine, sisitemu yo kugenzura ibintu ntizaba ikiri inyuma ya - abakinyi ba -. Ahubwo, bazahinduka ikoranabuhanga risobanura ibihe bizakurikiraho mu nganda, bitanga ubwenge bunini, bworoshye, ndetse n’ibidukikije.
